std::toupper

Header: <cctype>

Converts the given character to uppercase according to the character conversion rules defined by the currently installed C locale.

# Declarations

int toupper( int ch );

# Parameters

ch: character to be converted. If the value of ch is not representable as unsigned char and does not equal EOF, the behavior is undefined.

# Return value

Converted character or ch if no uppercase version is defined by the current C locale.

# Notes

Like all other functions from , the behavior of std::toupper is undefined if the argument’s value is neither representable as unsigned char nor equal to EOF. To use these functions safely with plain chars (or signed chars), the argument should first be converted to unsigned char:

Similarly, they should not be directly used with standard algorithms when the iterator’s value type is char or signed char. Instead, convert the value to unsigned char first:

# Example

#include <cctype>
#include <climits>
#include <clocale>
#include <iostream>
#include <ranges>
 
int main()
{
    for (auto bd{0}; unsigned char lc : std::views::iota(0, UCHAR_MAX))
        if (unsigned char uc = std::toupper(lc); uc != lc)
            std::cout << lc << uc << (13 == ++bd ? '\n' : ' ');
    std::cout << "\n\n";
 
    unsigned char c = '\xb8'; // the character ž in ISO-8859-15
                              // but ¸ (cedilla) in ISO-8859-1
 
    std::setlocale(LC_ALL, "en_US.iso88591");
    std::cout << std::hex << std::showbase;
    std::cout << "in iso8859-1, toupper('0xb8') gives " << std::toupper(c) << '\n';
    std::setlocale(LC_ALL, "en_US.iso885915");
    std::cout << "in iso8859-15, toupper('0xb8') gives " << std::toupper(c) << '\n';
}