std::hardware_destructive_interference_size, std::hardware_constructive_interference_size

Since C++17

Header: <new>

  1. Minimum offset between two objects to avoid false sharing. Guaranteed to be at least alignof(std::max_align_t) struct keep_apart { alignas(std::hardware_destructive_interference_size) std::atomic cat; alignas(std::hardware_destructive_interference_size) std::atomic dog; };

# Declarations

inline constexpr std::size_t
hardware_destructive_interference_size = /*implementation-defined*/;

(since C++17)

inline constexpr std::size_t
hardware_constructive_interference_size = /*implementation-defined*/;

(since C++17)

# Notes

These constants provide a portable way to access the L1 data cache line size.

constexpr std::hardware_destructive_interference_size

# Example

#include <atomic>
#include <chrono>
#include <cstddef>
#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#include <mutex>
#include <new>
#include <thread>
 
#ifdef __cpp_lib_hardware_interference_size
    using std::hardware_constructive_interference_size;
    using std::hardware_destructive_interference_size;
#else
    // 64 bytes on x86-64 │ L1_CACHE_BYTES │ L1_CACHE_SHIFT │ __cacheline_aligned │ ...
    constexpr std::size_t hardware_constructive_interference_size = 64;
    constexpr std::size_t hardware_destructive_interference_size = 64;
#endif
 
std::mutex cout_mutex;
 
constexpr int max_write_iterations{10'000'000}; // the benchmark time tuning
 
struct alignas(hardware_constructive_interference_size)
OneCacheLiner // occupies one cache line
{
    std::atomic_uint64_t x{};
    std::atomic_uint64_t y{};
}
oneCacheLiner;
 
struct TwoCacheLiner // occupies two cache lines
{
    alignas(hardware_destructive_interference_size) std::atomic_uint64_t x{};
    alignas(hardware_destructive_interference_size) std::atomic_uint64_t y{};
}
twoCacheLiner;
 
inline auto now() noexcept { return std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now(); }
 
template<bool xy>
void oneCacheLinerThread()
{
    const auto start{now()};
 
    for (uint64_t count{}; count != max_write_iterations; ++count)
        if constexpr (xy)
            oneCacheLiner.x.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
        else
            oneCacheLiner.y.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
 
    const std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli> elapsed{now() - start};
    std::lock_guard lk{cout_mutex};
    std::cout << "oneCacheLinerThread() spent " << elapsed.count() << " ms\n";
    if constexpr (xy)
        oneCacheLiner.x = elapsed.count();
    else
        oneCacheLiner.y = elapsed.count();
}
 
template<bool xy>
void twoCacheLinerThread()
{
    const auto start{now()};
 
    for (uint64_t count{}; count != max_write_iterations; ++count)
        if constexpr (xy)
            twoCacheLiner.x.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
        else
            twoCacheLiner.y.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
 
    const std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli> elapsed{now() - start};
    std::lock_guard lk{cout_mutex};
    std::cout << "twoCacheLinerThread() spent " << elapsed.count() << " ms\n";
    if constexpr (xy)
        twoCacheLiner.x = elapsed.count();
    else
        twoCacheLiner.y = elapsed.count();
}
 
int main()
{
    std::cout << "__cpp_lib_hardware_interference_size "
#   ifdef __cpp_lib_hardware_interference_size
        "= " << __cpp_lib_hardware_interference_size << '\n';
#   else
        "is not defined, use " << hardware_destructive_interference_size
                               << " as fallback\n";
#   endif
 
    std::cout << "hardware_destructive_interference_size == "
              << hardware_destructive_interference_size << '\n'
              << "hardware_constructive_interference_size == "
              << hardware_constructive_interference_size << "\n\n"
              << std::fixed << std::setprecision(2)
              << "sizeof( OneCacheLiner ) == " << sizeof(OneCacheLiner) << '\n'
              << "sizeof( TwoCacheLiner ) == " << sizeof(TwoCacheLiner) << "\n\n";
 
    constexpr int max_runs{4};
 
    int oneCacheLiner_average{0};
    for (auto i{0}; i != max_runs; ++i)
    {
        std::thread th1{oneCacheLinerThread<0>};
        std::thread th2{oneCacheLinerThread<1>};
        th1.join();
        th2.join();
        oneCacheLiner_average += oneCacheLiner.x + oneCacheLiner.y;
    }
    std::cout << "Average T1 time: "
              << (oneCacheLiner_average / max_runs / 2) << " ms\n\n";
 
    int twoCacheLiner_average{0};
    for (auto i{0}; i != max_runs; ++i)
    {
        std::thread th1{twoCacheLinerThread<0>};
        std::thread th2{twoCacheLinerThread<1>};
        th1.join();
        th2.join();
        twoCacheLiner_average += twoCacheLiner.x + twoCacheLiner.y;
    }
    std::cout << "Average T2 time: "
              << (twoCacheLiner_average / max_runs / 2) << " ms\n\n"
              << "Ratio T1/T2:~ "
              << 1.0 * oneCacheLiner_average / twoCacheLiner_average << '\n';
}

# See also